One of the most interesting things about learning Chinese is learning the various names for members of the family. In Germanic languages (such as English), this is relatively easy. A brother of either of your parents is an Uncle. Simple. Your parents’ mothers are Grandmothers. Simple. In Chinese, it just isn’t so.
Chinese people place a great deal of importance on family and familial relations. To that end, they have a special name for just about everyone you are related to. Different names for uncles depending on which side of the family they’re on and how old they are. Different names for your sisters-in-law depending on if they are older or younger than your wife. It really is quite complicated.
In Taiwan, this is made doubly so, because you not only have to learn the Mandarin words and pronunciation for each of these members, but you also learn the Taiwanese pronunciation. This more or less doubles the already incredibly large database of family names you must learn. To that end, I’ve tried to make a list for you. Many thanks go to Miss Expatriate and her mom, who somehow manages to keep all of these straight and inform us ahead of time who we’ll be meeting and what we should call them.
Immediate Family
| English | Mandarin / 中文 | Hanyu Pinyin / Mandarin Pronunciation | Taiwanese / 台語* | Taiwanese Pronunciation** | ||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Father | 父親 | 父親 | 阿爸 | a-pah | ||||||||||||
| Father (other way to say it) | 爸爸 | bàba | 老爸 | lāu-pē | ||||||||||||
| Mother | 母親 | mǔqīn | 媽媽 | má-mah | ||||||||||||
| Mother (other way to say it) | 媽媽 | māma | 阿母 | a-bú | ||||||||||||
| Older Brother | 哥哥*** | gēge*** | 阿兄 | a-hiann | ||||||||||||
| Younger Brother | 弟弟*** | dìdi*** | 小弟 | sió-tī | ||||||||||||
| Older Sister | 姊姊*** | jiějie*** | 阿姊 | a-tsí | ||||||||||||
| Younger Sister | 妹妹*** | mèimei*** | 小妹 | sió-muē/sió-bē | ||||||||||||
| Father-in-law (Wife's Father) | 丈人 | zhàngrén | 丈人 | tiūnn-lâng | ||||||||||||
| Father-in-law (Husband's father) | 公公 | gōnggong | 大家官 | ta-ke-kuann | ||||||||||||
| Mother-in-law (Wife's mother) | 丈母娘 | zhàngmǔniáng | 丈姆 | tiūnn-ḿ | ||||||||||||
| Mother-in-law (Husband's mother) | 婆婆 | pópo | 大家 | ta-ke | ||||||||||||
| Brother-in-law (married to older sister) | 姊夫 | jiěfu | 姊夫 | tsí-hu | ||||||||||||
| Brother-in-law (married to younger sister) | 妹夫 | mèifu | 妹婿 | muē-sài/bē-sài | ||||||||||||
| Brother-in-law (Husband's older brother) | 大伯 | dàbó | 大伯 | tuā-peh | ||||||||||||
| Brother-in-law (Husband's younger brother) | 小叔 | xiǎoshū | 小叔 | sió-tsik | ||||||||||||
| Sister-in-Law (married to older brother) | 嫂子 | sǎozi | 阿嫂 | a-só | ||||||||||||
| Sister-in-Law (married to younger brother) | 弟妹 | dìmèi | 弟妹 | tī-muē | ||||||||||||
| Sister-in-Law (Wife's older sister) | 大姨子 | dàyízi | 大姨 | tuā-î | ||||||||||||
| Sister-in-Law (Wife's younger sister) | 小姨子 | xiǎoyízi | 小姨 | sió-î | ||||||||||||
| Husband | 丈夫 | zhàngfu | 翁婿 | ang-sài | ||||||||||||
| Husband (additional) | 老公 | lǎogōng | 翁 | ang | ||||||||||||
| Wife | 妻子 | qīzi | 牽的 | khan--ê | ||||||||||||
| Wife (additional) | 老婆 | lǎopó | 某 | bóo | ||||||||||||
| Ex-husband | 前夫 | qiánfū | 前翁 | tsîng-ang | ||||||||||||
| Ex-wife | 前妻 | qiánqi | 前某 | tsîng-bóo | ||||||||||||
| Son | 兒子 | érzi | 後生 | hāu-senn/hāu-sinn | ||||||||||||
| Son-in-Law | 女婿 | nǚxu | 囝婿 | kiánn-sài | ||||||||||||
| Daughter | 女兒 | nǚér | 女兒 | lú-jî/lú-lî | ||||||||||||
| Daughter-in-law | 媳婦 | xífù | 新婦 | sin-pū | ||||||||||||
| Grandson (Son's child) | 孫子 | sūnzi | 孫仔 | sun-á | ||||||||||||
| Grandson (Daughter's child) | 外孫子 | wàisūn | 外孫 | guā-sun | ||||||||||||
| Grandaughter (Son's child) | 孫女 | sūnnǚ | 查某孫 | tsa-bóo-sun | ||||||||||||
| Grandaughter (Daughter's child) | 外孫女 | wàisūnnǚ |
Father's Side
| English | Mandarin / 中文 | Hanyu Pinyin / Mandarin Pronunciation | Taiwanese / 台語* | Taiwanese Pronunciation** |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Uncle (Father's older brother) | 伯父 | bófù | 阿伯 | a-peh |
| Uncle (Father's younger brother) | 叔叔 | shūshu | 阿叔 | a-tsik |
| Uncle (Married to father's sister) | 姑丈 | gūzhàng | 姑丈 | koo-tiūnn |
| Aunt (Father's sister) | 姑姑 | gūgu | 阿姑 | a-koo |
| Aunt (Married to Father's brother) | 嬸嬸 | shěnshen | 阿嬸 | a-tsím |
| Grandfather | 爺爺 | yéye | 阿公 | a-kong |
| Grandmother | 奶奶 | nǎinai | 阿媽 | a-má |
| Great-Grandfather | 曾祖父 | zēngzǔfù | 阿祖 | a-tsóo |
| Great-Grandmother | 曾祖母 | zēngzǔmǔ | 阿祖 | a-tsóo |
| Great Uncle (Grandfather's older brother) | 伯公 | bógōng | 伯公 | peh-kong |
| Great Uncle (Grandfather's younger brother) | 叔公 | shūgōng | 叔公 | tsik-kong |
| Great Uncle (Married to Grandfather's sister) | 姑丈公 | gūzhànggōng | 丈公 | tiūnn-kong |
| Great Aunt (Grandfather's Sister) | 姑婆 | gūpó | 姑婆 | koo-pô |
| Great Aunt (Wife of Grandfather's brother) | 嬸婆 | shěnpó | 嬸婆 | tsím-pô |
| Cousin (Father's brother's kids) | 堂哥 / 堂弟 / 堂姊 / 堂妹**** | tánggē / tángdì / tángjiě / tángmèi**** | 堂兄/堂弟/堂姊/堂妹 | tn̂g-hiann/tn̂g-tī/tn̂g-tsí/tn̂g-muē |
| Cousin (Father's sister's kids) | 表哥 / 表弟 / 表姊 / 表妹**** | biǎogē / biǎodì / biǎojiě / biǎomèi**** | 表兄/表弟/表姊/表妹 | piáu-hiann/piáu-tī/piáu-tsí/piáu-muē |
| Niece (Brother's daughter) | 姪女 | zhínǚ | ||
| Niece (Sister's daughter) | 外甥女 | wàishēngnǚ | ||
| Nephew (Brother's son) | 姪子 | zhízi | 姪仔 | ti̍t-á |
| Nephew (Sister's son) | 外甥 | wàishēng | 外甥 | guē-sing |
Mother's Side
| English | Mandarin / 中文 | Hanyu Pinyin / Mandarin Pronunciation | Taiwanese / 台語* | Taiwanese Pronunciation** |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Uncle (Mother's brother) | 舅舅 | jiùjiu | 阿舅 | a-kū |
| Uncle (Husband of Mother's sister) | 姨丈 | yízhàng | 姨丈 | a-tiūnn |
| Aunt (Mother's sister) | 姨媽 | yímā | 阿姨 | a-î |
| Aunt (Wife of Mother's brother) | 舅媽 | jiùmā | 阿妗 | a-kīm |
| Grandfather | 外公 | wàigōng | 外公 | guā-kong |
| Grandmother | 外婆 | wàipó | 外媽 | guā-má |
| Great-Grandfather | 外曾祖父 | wàizēngzǔfù | 阿祖 | a-tsóo |
| Great-Grandmother | 外曾祖母 | wàizēngzǔmǔ | 阿祖 | a-tsóo |
| Great Uncle (Grandfather's brother) | 舅公 | jiùgōng | 舅公 | kū-kong |
| Great Uncle (Husband of Grandfather's sister) | 姨丈公 | yízhànggōng | 丈公 | dǖn-gong |
| Great Aunt (Grandfather's sister) | 姨婆 | yípó | 姨婆 | tiūnn-kong |
| Great Aunt (Married to Grandfather's brother) | 舅婆 | jiùpó | 舅婆 | kīm-pô |
| Cousin | 表哥 / 表弟 / 表姊 / 表妹**** | biǎogē / biǎodì / biǎojiě / biǎomèi**** | 表兄/表弟/表姊/表妹 | piáu-hiann/piáu-tī/piáu-tsí/piáu-muē |
As you can see, some information is still missing. If you want to correct my spelling or have any other ideas for something to add, please contact me.
The issue has been brought up – what about step- family? Step-father? Step-sister? Well, there is no special way to say that in Chinese. A step-father is the same as father: 爸爸. At least that part is easy, right?
*Although Taiwanese is generally regarded as a spoken language, rather than a written one, we can use Mandarin characters (漢字) to represent the Taiwanese. When we do this, we either use a Mandarin character that represents the sound of the Taiwanese (e.g. 哇/wā is commonly used in Taiwanese to represent “I” rather than the Mandarin 我/wǒ) or, more commonly, we simply use the Mandarin and pronounce it in Taiwanese (e.g. 我國寶了 would be wāguóbǎole in Mandarin but it’s a famous Taiwanese saying pronounced like wāguòbòulei).[
**I’m using Pe̍h-ōe-jī, which is the standard in Taiwan. If you have any suggestions for better Romanization, please contact me.
***If you have only one older brother, you will simply call him 哥哥/gēgē or 大哥/dàgē. However, if you have two older brothers, the oldest will be 大哥/dàgē and the second oldest will be 二哥/èrgē for First Older Brother, Second Older Brother, and so on. Same goes for younger brothers and older and younger sisters. Thanks to Luuke for clearing this up.
****The cousins are grouped together here, but it should be noticed that they follow the same rules as brothers and sisters. That is, if the cousin is a male and is older than you, than he will be 表哥/biǎogē because 哥 is for your older brother. Follow the same rules for a younger male cousin and older and younger female cousins.
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Very useful compilation. Thanks for putting this together!
Thank you this is a big help to me, as i am in taiwan now meeting my new inlaws and yeah learn mandarin then come here and feel like you had never studied
This is excellent. I do have one question as to why many Taiwanese call their peers little sister/little brother or call adults aunt or uncle?
I believe it’s just a term of affection/intimacy. Often if they are colleagues/coworkers, you might hear them called 帥哥 and 美女 (Handsome Brother and Beautiful Woman), also as a term of friendship.
I’m curious about the collective or plural forms, specifically for grandparents. I find myself repeating “ah-ma and ah-gong” a lot, as in, “We’re going to ah-ma and ah-gong’s house tonight.” Is there a term for referring for them both together, as if to say “your grandparents’ house”? I forgot to ask my in-laws about this the last time I saw them!
Not that I know of. Generally, people will just say, “We’re going to go see grandpa and grandma!” or, in Chinese, “我們去看阿公阿媽!” It’s short and simple enough, and the Chinese don’t seem to need a phrase that means “grandparents” in the plural form.
Thanks for this page!!
I’ve got my children calling their grandparents A-Gong and A-ma (I’m a Taiwanese father). What is the proper term for my children to call their grandmothers brothers/sisters? I see names for grandfather’s brothers/sister on the father’s side, but I didn’t see terms for grandmother’s brothers/sisters on the father’s side.
Of all of my relatives, my aunts (mother’s younger sisters) visit most often, and I’m not sure if I’m even saying one term properly- one of them told me to have my kids call her something that sounded like “ee-burr”. I suppose the “ee” part is related to the fact that I refer to those aunts as “a-i / A-Yi”, but I’m lost on the proper pronunciation of the 2nd half of the term.
Thanks for any help!
I’ll let the author correct me if I am mistaken, but I think the term you refer to, “ee-burr”, might be 姨婆, which I believe is “î-pô” in Pe̍h-ōe-jī Romanisation.
This is what my wife’s family (both young and old generations) call the younger sister of my wife’s maternal grandmother. Hope that helps, this confuses the hell out of me too!
Thanks. I’m not familiar with Pe̍h-ōe-jī Romanisation, so I’m sure my pronunciations/pinyin are off.
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Thank you for providing such a comprehensive page! I speak and read Chinese(s) but have always struggled with the correct terms for family, especially in different Chinese languages. Your page has been vital for me meeting my in-laws in Tainan! 佩服!
Thanks for putting this together! My daughter and her fiancé (Caucasian) are in Taiwan and have found this really helpful after I sent the link to them. I learned Péh-ōi-ji when I was young from vacation Bible school. However I have lost the ability due to lack of use for several decades. I have made my own pronunciation spellings for my daughter and her cousins. A-Gon is grandfather, A-Gu is uncle from mother side, A-Gim is A-Gu’s wife and so on. I have found this is so endearing about have a different name to everyone you are related to, which also makes an unique Takwanese culture.
can’t believe i am here since i know all these anyway.
If there are any gaps or anything you’d like to add, I’d appreciate it. Thanks for stopping by.